Inflammatory Bowel Disease - 1385 Words

Inflammatory Bowel Disease 1. Describe the pathopysiology of the disease you have chosen – What is the spectrum of disease/pathology the disease? Is the disease characterized by inflammation, etc? Is it an infectious and/or chronic disease? If so what is the agent, its reservoir, mode of transmission etc. Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic illness characterized by inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract (Wolf, CDC, Mayo clinic, health direct, NHS choices). Patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease usually face with severe chronic pain in their stomach, diarrhea, which may contain blood, loss of appetite, joint pains, skin problems, fever, fatigue, etc. Symptoms can appear for periods of time and can appear in different†¦show more content†¦Though anyone at any age can develop inflammatory bowel disease, the people between the ages of fifteen and thirty are more likely to get diagnosed with the disease, with about 10% of cases occurring to individuals younger than eighteen (CDC). People who are direct descendents of those with inflammatory bowel disease and other gastrointestinal problems are more likely to develop the disease themselves (CDC, Wolf, Mayo clinic). Though anyone can develop the disease, inflammatory bowel disease is most common in those with a European and Jewish descent, who are Caucasian, and those who are White (CDC, Wolf, Mayo clinic). Females are more likely to develop Crohn’s, while males are more likely to develop Crohn’s (CDC). Inflammatory bowel disease is more common in developed countries, with a greater frequency in urban areas than in rural areas, indicating globalization to be a contributing factor for inflammatory bowel disease (CDC, Ghosh and Almadi). Australia seems to have one of the highest incidence rates of the disease in the world with about 33,000 having colitis and 28,000 (health direct). Inflammatory bowel disease is also one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal disease in the United States with the prevalence of the disease being greater than 200 cases per 100,000 and a total of about one million to 1.5 million people having the disease currently (CDC, Wolf, Rubin et al). 4. What is the analytic epidemiology of theShow MoreRelatedInflammatory Bowel Disease ( Ibd )1434 Words   |  6 Pages Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can be defined as the chronic condition (it is persistent/ long-standing disease) resulting from inappropriate mucosal immune activation. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can start at any age. However, it is frequently seen among teenagers And also among young adults in their early twenties, both genders can be affected by this disease. There are two conditions that traditionally comprise inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Ulcerative colitis and crohns disease. ComparisonRead MoreInflammatory Bowel Disease and Industrialization Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pages Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing gastrointestinal condition currently affecting a total of about 28 million people worldwide (cite). Although it is not considered a fatal condition, painful and disabling symptoms can have a profound detrimental effect on patients’ quality of life. Current understandings behind the etiology of IBD emphasize genetic predispositions to gastrointestinal immune system imbalances. However, pathophysiological understandings of IBD seem to beRead MoreInflammatory Bowel Disease and Ulcerative Colitis 861 Words   |  3 PagesInflammatory Bowel Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) refers to a variety of conditions in which a chronic immune response and inflammation occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases are triggered by an abnormal response by the body’s immune system. In a normal functioning immune system, the cells protect the body from infection. However, in those who are suffering from IBD, the immune system mistakes bacteria, food, and other materialsRead MoreThe Importance Of Nutrition On Inflammatory Bowel Disease1607 Words   |  7 Pages. Lucendo, A. J., De Rezende, L. C. Importance of nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. World Jour of GastroenteroL. 2009. WJG, 15(17), 2081–2088. http://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.2081’ This peer review article highlights the fundamental role that nutrition therapy plays in the clinical management of all patients with CD. The review concentrates specially in correcting macro and micronutrient deficiencies in frequently malnourished patients, focusing on reversing the physiopathological consequencesRead MoreCrohn s Disease : An Inflammatory Bowel Disease Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesCrohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that is defined by inflammation of the digestive system. It can affect any part of the GI tract, including the mouth and anus (Abbvie Inc, 2016)). Crohn’s disease does not have a cure and there is no exact cause for the occurring disease. â€Å"Since the exact cause of Crohn’s disease is unknown, it has been linked to a combination of environmental factors, immune function and bacterial factors, as well as a patient’s genetic susceptibility to developingRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Inflammatory Bowel Di seases1805 Words   |  8 Pagespeople diagnosed with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), lactose intolerance and/or a combination of the two. Theories suggest that the delayed onset of lactose intolerance, in patients who already have IBD’s, may arise as secondary lactose intolerance but only as a byproduct of the IBD. This begs the question of if the prevalence of an IBD predisposes that same person to lactose intolerance and if so, what are the drivers that allow this to happen? Inflammatory bowel diseases are categorized intoRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Inflammatory Bowel Disease ( Ibd )1316 Words   |  6 Pagescauses and diseases related to these symptoms. It was awkward and unpleasant to deal with the symptoms for him. He felt weak and started to lose weight. Eventually, Mr. A was diagnosed with crohn’s disease (CD) a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in 2012. IBD is a collective group of disorders that are chronic and incurable and characterised by inflammation in the intestinal tract. (Chang Johnson, 2014, p.446). Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are autoimmune diseases, where theRead MoreThe Inflammatory Bowel Disorder Known As Crohn s Disease ( Cd )1291 Words   |  6 Pagesfundamental purpose of this paper is to apprise to the reader pivotal information on the inflammatory bowel disorder known as Crohn’s Disease (CD). It is a rare disease that is usually not wanted to be discussed by its sufferers , due to its sensitive nature of being a digestive problem. Luckily, as this paper will show, it is now an issue slowly, but surely, being explored more openly. A short introduction to the chronic disease will be divulged, pathophysiology and etiology will be discussed to prepare theRead More Inflammatory Bowel Disease Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesThe term Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a general name given to a few disorders that all fall under the category of inflamed intestines (they become red and swollen.) This is usually due to a reaction the body causes against its own intestinal tissue. The two most common types of Inflammatory Bowel Disease are Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn’s Disease (CD). Crohn’s disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract; however, it more commonly affects the small intestine or colon. InflammatoryRead MoreInflammatory Bowel Disease/ Crohns Disease Essay1899 Words   |  8 PagesInflammatory Bowel Disease/ Crohns Disease Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic disorders that cause inflammation or ulceration in the small and large intestines. Most often IBD is classified as ulcerative colitis or Crohns disease but may be referred to as colitis, enteritis, ileitis, and proctitis. Ulcerative colitis causes ulceration and inflammation of the inner lining of a couple of really bad places, while Crohns disease is an inflammation that extends into the deeper

Essay about The Holocaust in Night by Elie Wiesel - 626 Words

Author: Elie Wiesel Do you see that chimney over there? See it? Do you see those flames? Over there- thats where youre going to be taken. Thats your grave, over there. Havent you realize it yet? You dumb bastards, dont you understand anything? Youre going to be burned. Frizzed away. Turned into ashes. The Holocaust lasted from 1939-1942. During these tough and traumatic years Hitler killed over 6,000,000 people, mostly Jews, but the retarded, homosexual, and handicapped were also murdered. But the Jews did make it through these rough times. They survived only on courage, dreams, and hope. Before World War II, Elie Wiesel led an ordinary life for a teenage Jew at the time. He went to†¦show more content†¦Nobody believed him. The next day the Germans came into town. Wiesel’s connection with God is very strong at the beginning of the story, but as the book went on it got weaker and weaker. I think God was testing the Jews to see that even at the time of true danger if they would stay loyal to him. One time Wiesel said, Why, but why should I bless Him? Because he had thousands of children burned in his pits?...† life must have had been truly terrible to have said that in the time when God was the one who was most needed. Life in the Concentration was literally â€Å"Hell on Earth†. The Jews were tortured, whipped, and starved. After babies and others were gassed they were thrown into the furnaces. They were given lumpy beds to sleep on, their bread was made of saw dust and flour, they were made to do excruciating work, and they were sometimes put through tests deciding weather they would live or die. Over 4/5 of the Jews did not survive the camps and some that did survive had mental problems because of what they had been through. At the end of the war The Jews went for a Death run, in this run they ran from Auschwitz to Buchenwald. That’s over 150 miles! Again, few survived. To survive in the concentration camps you needed every ounce of strength. Every week in Buna (one of the many concentration camps that ElieShow MoreRelatedThe Holocaust: Night by Elie Wiesel1635 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion Jews were killed during the Holocaust. The Jews were persecuted, tortured and slaughtered in concentration camps (â€Å"The Holocaust† 1). Night by Elie Wiesel is the powerful memoir of his experiences during the Holocaust. Night shows the tragedy of the Holocaust through the use literary devices, including the themes of loss of faith and cruelty toward other human beings, night as a symbol of suffering and fear, and the use of first person narrative. Night allows the reader to emotionally connectRead MoreThe Holocaust Of Night By Elie Wiesel991 Words   |  4 PagesElie Wiesel wrote this non-fiction book to alert his audience of his and his families experiences in the Holocaust and what they went through. He notes his journey through chronological events using extreme description. He accomplished this purpose by detailing every little thing that he experienced and that the people around him experienced. The central thesis of Night by Elie Wiesel is that a hostile and insensitive environment and world can cause even the strongest person to lose faith and identityRead MoreThe Holocaust s Night By Elie Wiesel1361 Words   |  6 Pagesbrought families closer. The Holocaust forced family members to hold on to each other and trust each other. â€Å"In 1933, the Jewish population of Europe stood at over nine million [...] By 1945, the Germans and their collaborators killed nearly two out of every three European Jews as part of the ‘Final Solution,’ the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe† (Introduction to the Holocaust). Night is a memoir written by Elie Wiesel, a Holocaust survivor. Elie Wiesel’s Night describes that father and sonRead MoreThe Genocide And The Holocaust Of Night By Elie Wiesel1458 Words   |  6 Pagesmistakes or all of a sudden stop mass killings or genoc ides. Humans have always killed and they will continue to do it. Humans will not all of a sudden be pacifists and stop killing. This has happened with the Rwandan genocide and with the Holocaust in Night by Elie Wiesel. Man will not stop committing such atrocities and have a brighter future and these are only a few reasons why. First of all, man has been killing since the beginning of time. Even in the Bible, Cain killed Abel and that was in the veryRead MoreLife through the Holocaust in Night by Elie Wiesel746 Words   |  3 Pagescharacteristic in human beings that future generations can interpret as positive or negative. The Holocaust demonstrates to future generations a trait that exists in humans. The discovery that came with the Holocaust is the idea that humans’ main concern is themselves when they are in challenging situations. Elie Wiesel, a Holocaust survivor, presents this quality in his novel, Night. Wiesel establishes through Night that the people’s primary concern is over their own protection and wellness to prove thatRead MorePainful Experiences of the Holocaust in the Novel, Night by Elie Wiesel1185 Words   |  5 PagesNight Essay Prompt: Analyze how Wiesels character changed throughout the novel, especially in regard to the Jewish religion and towards God as a result of his experiences during the Holocaust. How does Wiesel’s transformation reveal the author’s intended theme about the Holocaust? World War II is a very impactful point in history where the Holocaust is viewed as one of the worst acts of human genocide. Countless Jewish victims endured traumatizing amounts of suffering and pain that transformedRead MoreHow Night by Elie Wiesel Helped People Connect to the Horrors of the Holocaust709 Words   |  3 Pagesmany have heard of the terrors faced by the Jews in countries that were under German control during World War II, few have stepped back and really thought about the weight of what really happened to the people in the concentration camps. I believe Night helped people connect to what really happened. This is an actual persons life, their story, poured out onto pages that reflect not only facts but his deepest pains and fears. While recounting his physical discomforts and many hardships, he also givesRead MoreRoad Rage1653 Words   |  7 Pagesduring the Holocaust: Life in the ghettos, Dr. Mengele’s medical care, and food in the camps Genocide during WWII was unbelievably cruel and awful. The Holocaust was sure to be remembered from this time period and have permanently engraved horrible memories into those who survived. During the Holocaust many victims suffered while living in the ghettos, soon to reach the camps they also suffered there as well. The encounters with Dr. Mengele were unbearable too. Elie Wiesel’s memoir Night is very importantRead MoreThe Holocaust By Elie Wiesel1107 Words   |  5 PagesThesis Statement: The hardships that Elie Wiesel faced in the concentration camps lead him to lose faith, until after when realizing it was crucial to keep faith in God despite the horrendous events of the Holocaust. What God would let his people be burned, suffocated to death, separated from their families, and starved toRead More Faith lost in God Essay697 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The book Night by Elie Wiesel, tells a story about a young religious boy who begins to lose his faith in God at such an early age. The book deals with the tragedies as well as the occurrences which has happened during the Holocaust and at the Nazi concentration camps. The young boy named Elie Wiesel deals with the death of his family as well as the painful times during the Holocaust. There are many representations in this book on how Elie Wiesel is shocked with trama at

Women in Slave Comunity Free Essays

WOMEN IN SLAVE COMMUNITIES Slavery is the saddest period of human’s history. What slaves went through was really hard and it takes strong people to survive to that’s situation. They not only had to work every day of their lives without any compensation, but they were also broken down morally and separated from their families. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Slave Comunity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Slaves were not treated as humans. They were treated as objects and machines and the only thing they were supposed to do were to obey to their masters, and if not, they would get beaten up, whipped or even killed. This is clearly shown on the Angela Davis’s essay, Reflection on the Black Woman’s Role in the Community of Slaves. But if slavery was hard for men, for women was so much harder because they had to work all day on the plantations like animals and at the end of the day they had to take care of the master’s house, cook, clean, and take care of everything else. They had no other choice. The next morning they had to wake up early in four in the morning and do the same thing fro the rest of their lives; no future, no hope, nothing to keep them going. Slaves didn’t even have the support of their families because they were separated from them. The mother would get separated from their child as soon as they were born and they were not supposed to see their own blood. They had no right to the family, to get married ect. If two slaves would be in love with each other, they would have their rituals and ceremonies to â€Å"get marries† within slavery, but still they didn’t have the right as a woman or as a husband. The masters could have sex with any woman they wanted and the â€Å"husband† could do nothing about it; they had no right on their own lives and of course they didn’t have any rights in protecting their women. What stood up to me is that, how did these women, having this huge role in slave communities, how did they find the time to fulfill their duties? They didn’t have any motivation. Even when they tried to rebel against their masters by poisoning the food or put the house in fire, they would get killed, burned, hanged ect. It is funny how women in today’s days complain about the smallest thing; they complain that they have to go to work and take care of their babies and houses, and they complain that it is too much. All I hear around me is the expression â€Å"I am so tired,† â€Å"Didn’t get enough sleep last night,† etc and when I think about these woman that had to work on the plantations all day long in the worst weather and with no brakes, they had to go home back to their maters and take care of the house as well, and they had to wake up really early in the morning to do the same thing over again. That is really sad and not fair. I am glad that that type of slavery is over but I don’t understand why there is still discrimination and racism out there. How to cite Women in Slave Comunity, Papers

Lord Byron Essay Research Paper George Gordon free essay sample

Lord Byron Essay, Research Paper George Gordon Byron a Natural Born Poet Their are many different sentiments on the written plants of George Gordon Byron which could include one really large inquiry. Was he a natural born poet or merely a merchandise of maltreatment and mental unwellness. His Hagiographas may hold been more a manner to ease his dad and enduring instead than a natural endowment. Possibly his Hagiographas were a signifier of ego therapy? Throughout his Hagiographas and life history there is much grounds to propose that his poesy was being greatly influenced by his mental instability. I have l rned much on this great poet and I excessively believe that his Hagiographas were influenced greatly because of the hurting and maltreatment he suffered in his young person. I will try to indicate out the many possibilities to this. George Gordon Byron was known as Lord Byron during his life-time. Byron was born in 1788 and died at the early age of thirty-six in the twelvemonth 1824. His fine-looking face, exuberant life and many love personal businesss made Byron the most talked-of adult male of his twenty-four hours. H was known as a romantic, absorbing figure to his fellow Englishmen. In our current century his repute has dwindled to simply being known as a poet. His childhood was colourful to state the least. There is much grounds to propose mental instabilit was built-in in his household. Byron was born on Jan.22, 1788 in London. His granduncle from whom he inherited the rubric, was known as wicked Lord Byron ; his male parent ground forces officer, was called huffy Jack Byron. This wealth and the nick names of the Byron en went back to at least as far a Lord Byron? s? Grandfather, a Vice Admiral, known as Foul Weather Jack . He was giving this name as he had a repute of pulling storms. These rubrics given to his household merely adds to the grounds of mental insta lity. Here? s an interesting note: ( His household had a long tradition of get marrieding its cousins, accordingly, there were some oddnesss among their ascendants. Byron? s gramps Foul Weather Jack hated his boies and spent a great trade of clip seeking to destruct their estate, Newstead. He hoped to go forth nil for his boies, so he encouraged droves of crickets O run throughout the house. ) ( His Life www.edenpr.k12.mn.usephs/ArcadiaWeb ) Born with a talipes, he was sensitive about it all his life. When he was merely three his male parent died, go forthing the household with about nil to last on. His parents, Catherine Gordon Byron ( of the old and violent line of Scots Gordons ) and John Ron, had been concealing in France from their creditors, but Catherine wanted their kid born in England, so John stayed in France, populating in his sister? s house, and died in 1791, perchance a self-destruction. However, at 10 was left a little heritage along with is rubric. ( George Don Juan Gordon www.incompetech.com ) . His female parent so proudly moved from the meager lodging in Aberdeen, Scotland to England. The male child fell in love with the apparitional halls and broad evidences of Newstead Abbey, which had been presented to the Byron? s by Henry VIII, and he and his female parent Li vitamin D in the tally down estate for a piece. While in England turning up his was sent to a private school in Nottingham, where his talipes was doctored by a quack named Lavender. He suffered abuse while at that place, from both the painful anguishs of Dr. Lavender d the unnatural fondness of the school nurse by the name of May Grey. He was subjected to mistreatment by her through inebriation, whippings, disregard, and sexual autonomies. This maltreatment was non stopped early plenty to protect the male child from the psychologi fifty hurt in the premature induction into sex-play. ( His Life P.1 www.edenpr.k12.mnus/ehs/ArcadiaWeb/Byron ) Byron? s female parent had a bad pique that he was invariably being exposed to every bit good. John Hanson, Mrs. Byron? s lawyer, rescued him from the unna ral fondnesss of May Grey the school nurse, the anguishs of Lavender, and the uneven pique of his female parent. John Hanson so took him to London, where a reputable physician prescribed a particular brace. That following fall of 1799 Hanson entered him into a school at Dulwich. At 17 he entered Cambridge University. Determined to get the better of his physical disability, Byron became a good rider, swimmer, pugilist, and sharpshooter. He enjoyed literature but cared small for other topics. ( Bri anica P. 696,1989 ) . While remaining at his female parent? s ( something Byron did merely when perfectly ineluctable ( a neighbour of Mrs. Byron? s encouraged Byron to print his verse form. In 1806, the book Fleeting Pieces appeared. Byron sent transcripts to two of his friends, one of whom tungsten Te back to state that he thought the verse form in the book To Mary was far excessively flooring to read by the general populace. Byron took this sentiment really earnestly, and ordered every transcript of the volume burnt. The book was republished ( minus the piquing verse form ) in arch 1806 as Hours of Idleness . It sold good, but reappraisals were assorted, and Byron answered his disparagers with the really successful sarcasm English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. ( George Don Juan Gordon www.incompetech.com ) Travels in Europe and the Middle East inspired his first long verse form, ? Childe Harold? s Pilgrimage? . The first two subdivisions were published in 1812, and he became celebrated about nightlong. Womans sought him out, and immature work forces copied his unfastened neckband and flo ng cravat. In 1815 he married Anne Milbanke. They had one girl, but shortly separated. Society and the populace reacted unfavourable to Byron? s frequently disgraceful behavior, and in a tantrum of pique he left England for Italy. While in Italy he wrote extra cantos R? Childe Harold? ; ? Manfred? , a verse drama ; and? Don Juan? , a half-romantic, half-humorous poetic version of the Spanish narrative. Byron became interested in Greece? s battle to liberate itself from Turkish regulation. He went to Greece and began assisting to organ e the rebellion. At Missolonghi he died of a febrility on April 18, 1824. His physicians at the clip believed he needed to be bled to bring around the febrility and that likely was the existent cause of his decease. ( Compton? s Encyclopedia P.533,1989 ) . The relationship between his female parent and himself influenced Byron in his Hagiographas. He one time wrote a short softer strain depicting himself in his childhood a A small curly-headed, good-for-naught And mischief-making monkey from his birth . He inherited his unmanageable pique from both sides of the household. His granduncle had killed a adult male in a tavern bash. Byron? s female parent, was a tigress in her ain right. In her minutes of rage she tore her bonnets and her frocks. When Byron was up mischievousness she threw vases and fire shovels at his caput and called him a feeble terror. This abuse ever made Byron blind with fury. For he felt highly sensitive about his talipes. One twenty-four hours when his female parent hurled this unsavory abuse at him he r sed a knife to his pharynx, and it was merely with trouble that they saved him from cut downing himself. In the class of another wrangle the female parent and the boy threatened each other? s life, and each of them went in private to the apothecary? s to be certain T other had non be at that place to a purchase toxicant. ( Thomas P. 125-126 ) George Gordon Byron was haunted by his feeble pes his full yearss and it was evident in his plants. Once catching a miss he was infatuated with refer to him as that square male child? surely must hold deepened his letdown at being born with this Delaware rmity. A delicate self-pride made Byron highly sensitive to unfavorable judgment, of himself or of his poesy, and he tended to do enemies instead rapidly. His poesy, along with his life style, was considered controversial in his clip and frequently deemed perve erectile dysfunction or demonic, among other things. The fact that he was frequently discontent and unhappy, combined with a changeless desire for alteration meant that he created an unstable universe for himself, though he neer gave up his single freedom to take his ain rap and his ain fate. In 1811 Byron embarked on a Grand Tour through the Mediterranean, and the experience was to act upon him greatly. One attitude that he adopted from his travels was that he disliked sharing a repast with or watching a adult female eat. ( Neurotic Poets P. hypertext transfer protocol: //users.ids.net/~bdragon/poets/byron.html ) John Murray one time descried Byron as Wild, brave, rebellious, half mad by nature: a animal made to allure and to be tempted, to score and to fall, about whom there was but one certainty, that he was irredeemable. John Murray wrote this in portion B ause of the excessive life style Byron led. While at Trinity College in Cambridge he ran up big debts and it was rumored he kept a favored bear in his room. Besides while at Cambridge, he developed a great fancy for a choirboy named John Edlestone. Af R college, he resided at assorted topographic points, including the household place at Newstead Abbey. It was here that the alleged wild parties took topographic point at which Byron would do toasts with and imbibe from a skull cup. Legend has it that the skull, which Byron di overed at Newstead, was that of a monastic. He polished it up and added Ag home bases. The cup was in secret buried by a ulterior proprietor of the belongings. Scrope Davies, Charles Matthews and John Cam Hobhouse were Byron? s closest college friends. They took P T in the wild house parties that had established Byron? s repute as a life incarnation of the Gothic ideal- a immature and fine-looking Lord life in a decaying abbey who drank abundantly from a silver cup made from the dull of a dead monastic followed by sexu binges with an in-house set of sex-slave retainers. They had dressed up as monastics for these celebrations. This behaviour was patterned on the repute of the ill-famed Hell fire Club of 50 old ages before . It was a kind of elaborate Halloween party. ( B onic www.jamm.com ) He fought a conflict with fleshiness every bit good and frequently starved himself eating merely one little repast per twenty-four hours. He seemed haunted with nutrient, every bit good as being a finical feeder. His letters to others every bit good as his diaries, indicate that he practiced famishment. In his nightlong success with the heroic poem verse form Childe Harold? s Pilgrimage ( 1812 ) which led Byron to note subsequently that I awoke and found myself celebrated. When I read these lines from To the Ocean ( From Child Harold? s Pilgrimage ) It reveals a adult male who? s really psyche is tormented enduring from his ain inner hurting. # 8230 ; There is a pleasance in the pathless forests, There is society, where none intrudes By the deep sea, and music in its boom: I love non adult male the less, but nature more, From these our interview, in which I steal From all I may be, or have been earlier, To mix with the existence, and experience What I can ne? Er express, yet can non all conceal # 8230 ; ( Byron, George Gordon- Lord Byron www.cc.gatech.edu/people/home.edris/Poetry/Byron.htm ) . The long verse form that followed sold good and enhanced his repute for being make bolding and darting. The immature unmarried man had love affairs with several adult females many of them married. One of the adult females remarked that he was huffy, bad and unsafe to cognize. There wa guess that he had an incestuous matter with his half sister, Augusta Leigh. This thought is furthered by subjects of incest and out love that appear in several of Byron? s verse form. In the verse form Manfred, he writes of the hero? s love for a adult female who like me in qualities ; here eyes / Her hair, her characteristics, all, to the really tone / Even of here voice? were like to mine. This is evident in the line Byron wrote in Lara His lunacy was non of the caput, but bosom. ( Neurotic Poets P. 1-2 hypertext transfer protocol: / sers.ids.net~bdragon/poets/byron.html ) Brilliant, reckless, debauched, excessive, fine-looking, Lord Byron was in the words of Matthew Arnold the romantic hero at odds with the universe and naming on all sympathetic readers to see the pageant of his shed blooding bosom. Famous/infamous in his ain clip, he left England after disassociating his wholly respectable and wholly incompatible married woman neer to return. He wandered Europe contending for freedoms and Ta nanogram his loves where he found them. The correspondence and diaries of Byron fill six volumes, and his letters have been described as wildly emphatic, to a great extent underlined, with pages blotted and blistered with cryings. Here is merely one of the many love allow R he had written to a immature adult females he had fallen in love with and lost to another. This love missive is of Teresa, Countess Guiccioli, at 16 had married an old and affluent Italian Lord. She was golden-haired, poised, well-read, and gentle. In 819, when she was 18 and he thirty-one, Byron met her and fell passionately in love. The matter created rather a dirt. No 1 was surprised that she was married, it was expected that Italian adult females had personal businesss. However, Byron stayed in her hous along with her hubby, flooring society. Byron? s manner of composing with his bosom is really evident here is this love missive. My destiny remainders with you Bologna, August 25, 1819 My Dearest Theresa, I have read this book in our garden: my love, you were absent, or else I could non hold read it. It is a favourite book of mine. You will non understand these English words, and others will non understand them, which is the ground hold non scrawled them in Italian. But you will acknowledge the script of him who passionately loved you, and you will divine that, over a book that was yours, he could merely believe of love. In that word, beautiful in all linguistic communications, but most so in you Amor mio is comprised my being here and thenceforth. I feel I exist here, and I feel that I shall be afterlife, to what aim you will make up ones mind: my destiny remainders with you, and you are a adult female, 18 old ages of age, and two out of convent, I wis you had stayed at that place, with all my bosom, or at least, that I had neer met you in your married province. But all this is excessively late. I love you, and you love me, at least, you say so, and act as if you did so, which last is a great solace in all events. But I more than love you, and can non discontinue to love you. Think of me, sometimes, when the Alps and ocean divide us, but they neer will, unless you wish it. ( Lord Bryron letters P.1 www.rjgeib.com/throughts/byron/byron.html One of Byron? s most good cognize long verse form was Don Jaun the narrative of Don Juan first appears in an old Spanish fable refering a handsome but unscrupulous adult male who seduces the girl of the commanding officer of Seville and so, when challenged, kills her degree Fahrenheit her in a affaire dhonneur. The verse form begins I want a hero ; that is, I need a hero for my narrative. Why given the glance of the clip that we are given in stanzas 1and 5, why is happening a hero in this age hard? Byron? s Don Juan is possible a lampoon of the Ro ntic hero acted upon instead than active, putty in the adult female? s custodies, terrorized by her indignant hubby, caught in amusing state of affairss that strip him of any supposed self-respect. but if he? s non the sort of hero to be feared and respected, is at that place neverthe US Secret Service something attractive about him? And is he in portion likable for the really things that make him non a traditional hero? If so, is at that place a positive side to desiring a hero? Besides is should be noted that in stanza 1 the pronunciation of the hero? s name ymes with newone and trueone. Byron clearly expressed his ain life in his version of Don Juan in turning the anti-hero into a hero. Much of Don Juan seems to reflect Byron? s ain life and reading of himself. There? s some reasonably unkind sati in Byron? s intervention of the educated adult female ( Although Byron denied any connexion, certain facets of this subdivisions seem to reflect Byron? s attitude to his married woman, from whom he separated after one twelvemonth of matrimony. ) Note the manner that Byron uses bad rhym to do for of Donna Inez and to roast her earnestness ( so all right as to rime with the encephalon of Donna Inez ; rational to rime with hen-pecked you all. ) Part of the wit derives from the apparently-common premise that the educated and in llectual adult female will be aggressive and tyrannizing. Remember that Mary Wollstonecraft, in reasoning for a better instruction for adult females, felt it necessary to reassure her readers that they need non fear that adult females would so go masculine. Byron exposes the contradiction of promoting the classics as an of import portion of instruction, yet so being embarrassed by the sexual constituent in ancient myth and heroic poem. In stanza 40, Byron has fun with an even more pathetic facet of inhibitory edu tion: The Classicss are published in different versions, in which any lines with sexual mentions in them are removed from the text, so that the text may be taught to schoolboys without the fright of perverting them. But we are so told that, in respec for the great authors, the editors put all the censored lines in a appendix at the dorsum of the book # 8211 ; therefore giving the schoolboys a concentrated spot of adult reading in one dosage. ( Don Jaun, Canto I http: //citd.scar.utoronto.ca/English/ENGBO2Y/DonJ n.html ) . I believe this was coming directly from his ain sexual maltreatment by May Grey when he was a immature schoolboy. It was his manner of protecting younger male childs from the same early sexual cognition he had been exposed to. I can see many shows in Don Juan that would propose Lord Byron wrote about his ain experiences in life. Here is yet another good illustration to demo his inner hurting being straight related to himself. In stanza 61 Donna Julia is presented with a mixture earnestness and merriment. The elevated though instead conventional congratulations of the adult female? s beauty is all of a sudden deflated by the sudden lowering of tone in the last. The amusing reversal, nevertheless, makes merriment non of Donna Julia but of the poet, express joying at the lover? inclination to idealise ( and at the incarnation of such idealisation in the love sonnet ) and conveying love down to a prosaic human degree. Donna Julia herself, nevertheless, still follows the form of the idealised heroine. Donna Julia is portrayed to be reasonably, soft, sweet, sexually-attractive and even sexual responsive but besides inactive, submissive, self-denying, and accepting of her Ate to the point of victimization. In the early episode, Donna Julia breads slightly out of this function by being the older ( 23 old ages old! ) married adult female and non the guiltless miss. Byron therefore slightly reverses gender functions and has the sexually mature adult female take a m e active function in scoring the naif and guiltless immature adult male. ( Don Juan, Canto I http: //citd.scar.untoronto.ca/English/ENGBO2Y/DonJuan.html ) . I believe that Lord Byron was showing is ain hurting of the sexual maltreatment he endured B May Grey at school in his earlier childhood in the character Donna Julia. So in my sentiment of all I have discovered about this literary poet is that Lord Byron was non born with a endowment for composing poesy. He nevertheless did compose from his ain bosom. Wh H is what a truly superb poet must make. Have he non hold been exposed to physical and sexual maltreatment in his young person. I feel there is a good possibility he would hold neer written a individual verse form He would hold had a different profession wholly along tungsten H an wholly different life manner. The universe was blessed with the many verse forms of Lord Bryon but merely through the agony of another human being.

The impact of UK policies on an organisation free essay sample

A report to understand how the characteristics of the UK economy, fiscal, monetary and competition polices can impact on an organisation. Within this report I hope determine in detail all the characteristics of the UK economy, government fiscal and monetary policies and how each one effects on the Tesco PLC organisation. I plan to give a clear and comprehensive look into each of the factors which build the UK economy and analyse and evaluate with strong evidence of application to theory throughout the report. The UK subscribes to a democratic, parliamentary system of governance known as the Westminster system. The structure of the administration ensures that there is an adequate separation of powers between the executive branch, led by the prime minister, the bicameral legislature and the judiciary, and that there is a system of checks and balances in place. The current population of the UK is 61. 1 million. The UK was one of the largest macroeconomys in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The impact of UK policies on an organisation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was seen to be one of the strongest and most stable economies before 2007, however post 2008 economic deceleration began and the GDP growth rate fell to 0. 7%. In 2008, the economy entered into a recession, with a predicted negative growth rate of -4. 5% for the following year. (Data monitor Statistics) The current conservative government’s main economic aims are Economic growth with more goods and services produced in the economy, alongside low inflation, little unemployment with a Fair distribution of income. (HM Treasury) Taxation comes in two forms direct taxation (taxation on income and profits) and indirect taxation this is taxation on expenditure (VAT, excise duty). The UK government spends in the region of ? 400bn a year. Over a third of this money goes in welfare benefits such as pensions, unemployment benefit and other forms of income support. The rest is spent on health, education, defence, roads, law and order and on supporting businesses and local communities. (Data Monitor Statistics) Businesses can benefit direct or indirec ndirectly from the rest of the spending. Governments supply money in the form of grants, subsidies and tax breaks (paying less tax than you should) to encourage businesses in certain areas of the economy. A business that is starting out, or is going to provide employment in a depressed area may be able to benefit from such help i. e. Tesco. Tesco is currently the fourth largest retail company in the world (Global Powers of Retailing Report) and is UK’s leading food and grocery retailer. The company operates 4,811 stores in 14 countries worldwide. It operates in the UK, other European countries, the US and Asia. The UK, Tescos largest geographical market, accounted for 67. 6% of the total revenues in FY2010. Revenues from the UK reached ? 42,254 million ($67,153 million) in 2010, an increase of 2. 2% over 2009. (Datmonitor Statistics) This is a fascinating statistic, which proves why Tesco along many other companies sufferd a hit due to the economic slowdown of 2009. The UK economy contracted 2. 4% in the first quarter of 2009, a decline not exceeded in 51 years (Office of National Statistics).

Assessing Ethanol From Cell Wall Polysaccharides Essay Example

Assessing Ethanol From Cell Wall Polysaccharides Essay Example Assessing Ethanol From Cell Wall Polysaccharides Essay Assessing Ethanol From Cell Wall Polysaccharides Essay Introduction With lifting demand for alternate fuels, ethyl alcohol is emerging as a good option for some good grounds more significantly, it can cut down pollution. The major beginning for production of ethyl alcohol is transition of biomass by agitation. Conventionally, ethyl alcohol is made from agitation of Sugarcane or maize. However they are non economical compared with costs of fossil fuels. The recent development is production of ethyl alcohol from cellulose due to copiousness of the later. However, due to legion jobs associated with separation of cellulose, and besides due to high cost involved in hydrolysis, the production is yet to be commercially employed. The Source stuffs may include wood waste, harvest residues and even some grasses. Ethanol is made from the cell wall constituents like cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Breakdown of sugar from maize is much easier than the dislocation of sugar from cellulose doing the subsequently more complex. Presently the production employes two methods ; Biochemical and Thermochemical Biochemical involves involves Size decrease of natural stuffs, pretreatment by hydrolysis devising usage of either dilute/ concentrated acid or by doing usage of enzymes for transition of Cellulose to glucose and so agitation of glucose and pentose by barm and/or bacteriums, and so recovery of ethyl alcohol by desiccation. Thermochemical involves heat and chemicals breakdown cellulose to syngas. The gas obtained can be converted into ethanol thourgh pyrolysis. The advantage of thermochemical procedure is over transition of lignin which makes up one tierce of cellulosic provender stock. The procedure involves drying, transition of provender stock to syngas, transition to liquid by pyrolysis, remotion of contaminations anddistillation to take H2O from ethyl alcohol. 2. Beginnings of Cellulose 2.1 Sugar Feedstocks The major sugar provender stock is sugarcane. The other biomass provender stocks rich in sugar includes sorghum, Beta vulgaris, and fruits. Even though it is inexpensive to do ethyl alcohol from sugar, the beginnings are within the human nutrient concatenation and may adversely impact the concatenation if extended production to come into being. 2.2. Starch Feed stocks Another major beginning for ethyl alcohol is starch feedstock. The long concatenation of glucose molecules in amylum can be easy broken down and the amylum provender stocks includes corn, wheat, murphy and manioc. The Starchy stuffs will be hydrolyzed with H2O and heat for dislocation of amylum into fermentable sugar. 2.3. Cellulose feedstocks, While both the above beginnings are within the human nutrient concatenation therefore going expensive, this alternate provender stock is the most abundant 1. These cellulosic provender stocks comprises of lignin, hemicelluloses, and cellulose. Lignin which provides structural support airss major job in production of ethanol fro cellulose. The lignin encloses both cellulose and hemicelluloses and extended pretreatment procedures were needed to make the cellulose and hemicelluloses. Grasss have least lignin and trees have the highest. Compared with amylum, the cellulose has long ironss of glucose molecules with a different structural constellation. Hyrolysis is made hard by these different structural constellation along with the encapsulation of lignin. The other constituent hemicelluloses have same long concatenation of glucose molecules but with an extra constituent pentose. 3. Lignin job in Ethanol production The major job with the production of ethyl alcohol is lignin. It is ?-glucosidases that breakdowns the cellulose to saccharify. And lignin are known to suppress ?-glucosidases. Another major job is that lignin encloses the cellulose and hemicelluloses and act as a barrier forestalling the contact between enzyme and cellulose there by suppressing the transition. Enzymes will hold non polar cellulose spheres which involves in hydrolysis of cellulose. In a recent survey, it was found the lignin was able to adhere with those non polar spheres in the enzymes ( 7 ) . 3. Ethanol production procedure: 3.1. Pretreatment Pretreatment is the readying of cellulosic provender stock for hydrolysis.The chief intent of the pretreatment is to interrupt the natural bonding between cellulose, hemi-cellulose A ; lignin, decrease crystallinity nature A ; complex construction. In a survey by singh, Delignification procedure increases the output of cut downing sugars. So any anterior procedure done earlier hydrolysis to cut down lignin is considered to be pretreatment. Pretreatment methods classified onphysical, chemical, physicochemical and biological. Physical pretreatment: Physical interventions include size decrease ( milling, tear uping, mulching ) and pyrolysis. Milling: One such physical pretreatment procedure is milling i.e. , cut downing atom size. Particle size is one the cardinal factor for the sugar transition ratio. Particle size is indirectly relative to the sugar transition rate. This is due to the fact that, smaller size atoms have higher surface country that in bend helps in higher reaction rate. Singh postulated that atom size to less than 417 micrometers does non better the cellulose transition. A. E. Abasaeed A ; Y. Y. Lee found from their research that increasing the hardwood cellulose atom size, decreases the glucose outputs and increases the reaction clip at which maximal output occurs, utilizing dilute acerb hydrolysis. Pyrolysis: At higher temperature, Cellulose dislocations and we get gaseous and char merchandises. Under lower temperature pyrolysis, in presence of mild acid ( 1N H2SO4, 97 grade celcius and 2.5 hours ) , the pretreatment consequences in 80-85 % transition of cellulose to cut downing sugars. This procedure is enhanced in presence of limited O and Zn chloride. ( Yu and Zhang 2003 ) . Chemical pretreatment: Chemical pretreatment includes add-on of chemicals, which reduces the screening consequence of lignin, cut downing crystallinity and increases the cellulose puffiness. Major categorization includes Ozonolysis, Oxidative delignification, organosolv procedure and there are figure of minor categorization. Ozonolysis: The chemical compound, ozone is used to degrade lignin and hemicellulose. Degradation of lignin consequences in higher hydrolysis rate. Main advantages of ozonolysis: efficaciously removes lignin, does non necessitate elevated environmental conditions for the procedure to take topographic point and it does non bring forth toxic or repressive stuffs. However, a big measure of ozone is required, which makes the procedure expensive. Oxidative delignification: Peroxidase enzyme nowadays in the works tissue biodegrades lignin in presence of H202. This pretreatment is found to be working good with sugarcane bagasse. Fifty per centum of lignin is solubilized by 2 % H2O2 at 30 degree Celsius and 8 hour. ( Ye Sun et Al. 2002 ) Organosolv procedure: An organic dissolver mixture with inorganic accelerators ( Hcl A ; H2SO4 ) is used to breakdown the linkage between lignin and saccharide. Organic dissolver used are methanol, ethanol, propanone, ethene, ethanediol, etc.. At the terminal of the procedure, dissolvers need to be removed to avoid the repressive action on farther procedure. Physico-chemical pretreatment: These are the new pretreatments found in the last two decennaries. This type uses the combination of both physical parametric quantities and chemical features. Steam detonation: Biomass is exposed to high-pressure concentrated steam for a certain period and so its force per unit area is fleetly reduced ( 260 grade Celsius at 0.69 Mpa ) . Steam acts on complexness construction of lignocelluloses and causes hemicellulose and lignin transmutation. Surveies shows that lower temperature, long clip procedure is better when compared to the frailty versa. Residence clip, temperature and atom size are impacting factors in the procedure. Addition of H2SO4 improves the hydrolysis rate, decreases repressive merchandises and obtains complete remotion of hemicellulose. Advantages of steam detonation: Low energy demand, no recycling and effectual on agricultural residues. The restrictions of this pretreatment are that certain repressive compounds will be produced by uncomplete lignin break. Besides big measure of H2O is needed to take repressive compounds. Ammonia fibre detonation ( AFEX ) : Similar to steam detonation. Lignocelluloses is subjected to liquid ammonium hydroxide at decreased temperature ( 90 degree Celsius ) and force per unit area for a period of clip ( 30mins ) and so the force per unit area is fleetly reduced. Dose of liquid ammonium hydroxide is 1-2 kg ammonia/kg dry biomass. AFEX works better with low lignin content and smaller atom size biomass. The disadvantage is that Ammonia has to be recovered for economic issues Carbondioxide detonation: Theexplosion of CO2 would organize carbonaceous acid and increase the hydrolysis rate. This procedure obtains 75 % of theoretical glucose, which is comparatively low when compared with other two methods. Irradiation: . Irradiation like negatron beam, microwave, gamma irradiation, ultraviolet irradiations is used as the beginning of irradiation. Acid or Alkali, in little measures ( 1-5 % ) , is added to the substrate and so exposed to irradiation. Azyma found that irradiations help in disintegrating the complex construction of Lignocelluloses ( Azuma et al. , 1984 ) . Biological pretreatment: Microorganisms such as Brown-rot, whit-rot and soft putrefaction Fungis are used to degrade lignin and hemicellulose. Brown-rot can degrade cellulose, where as white and red-rot degrades cellulose and lignin. Biggest advantages of this biological intervention are that it is environmental friendly and requires really less energy input. However, the rate of hydrolysis in most biological procedure is really low. ( A.I. Hatakka. 1984 ) 3.2. Compaction One of the major restrictions of biomass transit is its low denseness. The denseness ranges from 60-80 kg/m3 for agricultural straws. Due to this, it occupies high volume doing the biomass hard for storage, transit, use and handling. Density increases over 10 times after compaction. Baling, pelletization, bulge and briquetting are the four chief types of compaction procedure done on agricultural straw. Baling is a field type compaction procedure, where all other compaction procedures are industrial type. Pelletizing and briquetting are normally found in biomass solid fuel industries, frequently called as binderless engineerings , which uses either piston imperativeness or a screw imperativeness. 3.3. Hydrolysis Hydrolysis is frequently defined as the chemical reaction type in which polymers of holocelluloses breakdown into monomers. Hydrolysis produces cut downing sugars from helocelluloses, which is comprised of cellulose and hemicellulose. Hydrolysis involves exposure of chemicals, enzymes for a period of clip at a specific temperature. Hydrolysis is the chemical reaction which involves transition of complex cell wall polyoses in the feedstocks into simpler sugar for farther agitation into ethyl alcohol. Acids and enzymes were used in ethanol production to catalyse this production procedure. Two common types of hydrolysis are Acid hydrolysis by either dilute or concentrated acid and Enzyme hydrolysis. Acerb Hydrolysis: Sulphuric acid and Hydrochloric acid are the powerful agents for Acid Hydrolysis. In-between these two, sulfuric acid is prevailing, as it was found to be better hydrolytic agent than Hcl. ( A.Singh et al. 1984 ) . In general, acerb hydrolysis requires either dilute Acid at higher temperature A ; force per unit area, or concentrated acid at low temperature. Concentrated acerb hydrolysis output high monomers than dilute acid hydrolysis.Xylan to xylose transition will be done in dilute acid hydrolysis. After this type of hydrolysis, the feedstock needs to be neutralized. Enzymatic Hydrolysis: This method of hydrolysis a a late developed method came into being by 1970 s, while the former one is being used since 19th century. Enzymatic interventions are preferred to the chemical 1s. Cellulase enzyme, synthesized from Fungi, bacteriums and workss, is the cardinal function for the reaction. Besides enzymes are of course obstructing in the palnt proteins. However, pretreatment is ver y much necessity for enzyme hydrolysis to interrupt the crystalline lignin so the enzyme can interact with cellulose and hemicelluloses. Glucose concentration is one of the hydrolysis rate-limiting factors in enzymatic hydrolysis. ( Lynd et al. 2002 ) . 3.4. Agitation Agitation the dislocation of sugar obtained from hydrolysis procedure into ethyl alcohol by action upon micro-organism. Types of agitation Separate hydrolysis A ; Fermentation Coincident Saccharification A ; Fermentation Direct Microbial Conversion ( Using thermophilic Bacteria ) Seperated Hydrolysis and agitation: Pretreatment and agitation are conducted individually and glucose concentration is one of the chief hurdlings for the procedure. Coincident sacarification and agitation ( SSF ) : This procedure requires less enzyme burden and the taint is reduced. This method is relatively faster and supply higher output. Gauss et al. , ( 1976 ) says that SSF procedure is already patented and is known as the Gulf SSF procedure. Direct Microbial transition: It combines all the three chief procedures in lignocelluloses bioconversion ( Cellulase production, cellulose hydrolysis and agitation ) . However, it has less hydrolysis rate than SSF or SHF. The being that has been most investigated for DMC method is C. thermocellum. ( Kiyoharu F. et Al. 1996 ) 3.5. Purification Removing unwanted compounds and bettering the ethanol per centum in the concluding merchandise is called purification. Distillation procedure is employed for purification. Purification is done in two stairss: Rectification, which achieves 96 % and desiccation that achieves 99.9 % 4. Options Swtich Grass The job with the current cellulosic ethyl alcohol production is due to lignin. To get the better of the job of lignin, switch grass has been tested over recent old ages due to its low degrees of lignin and high degrees of cellulose. Panicum Virgatum ( Switch grass ) can bring forth more 700 % energy than what it is supplied with. ( 16 ) The perennial works consumes low sum of H2O and it wont compete for nutrient with other harvests. The of import advantage of switch grass is that the 10 % of the genome is dedicated to cell wall and so by familial alteration it is further possible to increase the look of saccharides and finally high ethanol output. ( 18 ) Decision Cell wall polysaccrides forms the most effectual beginning for production ethyl alcohol and Fuel production by this method has large feasibleness due to abundance in Biomass handiness.

International financial services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International financial services - Essay Example Intex is a third-party cash-flow projection technique that can provide accurate data on existing collateral investments and compute cash flow projection faster and easily. This enables the stock exchange to get the information they need faster and accurately for better decision making. Second reason is high frequency transactions in secondary market. This is because of two reasons. As the transaction frequency increases, the stock exchange has less time and fewer resources devoted to the primary markets. Secondly, high frequency transactions generate higher income to stock exchanges. Therefore, they will naturally put resources in areas that give them more money. Impact to the United Kingdom companies The first impact to the UK companies is reduction in their capital base. As the stock exchange concentrates in the secondary market, the primary markets experience shortage of skilled personnel who advises them on best ways of raising maximum capital for their companies. As a result, mo st companies may opt for other sources of capital because it is extremely hard to raise capital where there is no adequate help. Secondly, most companies take longer time to raise their capital from primary markets. This is because as the stock exchange gets busy with the secondary markets, they will be long queues of companies seeking help. As a result, there will be delays in getting assistance. 2. A company has the following capital structure, and all securities issued have the same nominal price of ?4.00. 400,000 5% Debenture Stock @ ?4.00 600,000 2? Preference Stock @ ?4.00 1,000,000 Ordinary Shares @ ?4.00 (a) the value of the gearing ratio and the significance of this ratio to potential investors Stock Quantity Price /unit in ? Amount capital in ? Debenture 400,000 4 1600000 Preference 600,000 4 2400000 Ordinary Shares 1,000,000 4 4000000 Total Fixed Capital 8000000 Gearing ratio indicates the proportion of debts used to finance assets in the company. The higher the gearing r atio, the riskier is the company. This is because most of the money used is borrowed from other sources other than ordinary shares. (b) When Directors decided to distribute only forty percent of the profit (?800,000), the dividend declared on ordinary shares is given below. =?320,000  The return on investment   (c) a. The price/earnings ratio  (c) b. The concept of price/earnings ratio and the significance to future Price/earning ratio measure the value of the stock. This is because it establishes the relationship between the stock price and the company’s earnings. When price/earning ratio is high in a given stock, the forecast earning growth is also high. It is a valuable ratio because investors can use to compare values of stock of different companies. Investors normally prefer stocks with higher price/earning ratio because it indicates higher returns. 3. The concept of Right Issues as well as advantages and disadvantages to the stockholders Rights issue refers to a n alternative means of raising capital whereby, a company issues additional shares or stocks to already existing shareholders in proportion to their shareholding in exchange for cash (Banerjee, 1990). For example, a company may offer rights issue on the basis of one rights issue for every six held by the shareholders. A company does this via seasoned equity offering or primary offering market at a premium or discount. The procedure for rights issue is easy. Once the issues

Swallowing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Swallowing - Essay Example It is anticipated that this review will contribute to the self-learning of the author, as well as extending on insights and understandings of dsyphagia within the literature at this present time. The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves. It is very important in swallowing due to its afferent control of general sensation to the face, teeth, gum, muscles of mastication and the anterior two thirds of the tongue (Miller, 2006). Its efferent control is of the muscles for mastication. Innervating the tensor velar palatine, the trigeminal is partly responsible for the flattening and tensing of the soft palate. Innervations of the extrinsic laryngeal muscle results in the nerve's support for the upward and anterior movements of larynx. The facial nerve's main function is its motor portion; although, its afferent portion is involved in taste sensation from the anterior two thirds of the tongue (Miller, 2006). It provides motor innervations to the sublingual and submaxillary salivary glands. More specifically, it is involved in swallowing by regulating the lip sphincter and the buccal muscles, which allows food to be held inside the mouth and also assists in pulling the larynx up and back. The glossopharyngeal (GPN) is composed of the lingual branch of the GPN (GPN-li) and the GPN-ph. Its sensory portion transits inputs from the posterior third of the tongue, the velum and the pharynx, which includes the tonsils (Miller, 2006). The glossopharygeal nerve gathers sensation from the fauces, the palatine tonsil, upper pharynx, and the back third of the tongue. Sensory fibers carry taste information from the posterior one third of the tongue. Afferent input is received from receptors located in the larynx and these are carried primarily to the superior laryngeal nerve, also known as the cough center of the medulla. The motor portion communicates outputs to the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle and also innervates the stylopharyngeal muscle, which, together with the palatopharyngeus muscle (X nerve), elevates the palate. The stylopharyngeus muscle dilates the pharynx laterally and contributes to the elevation of pharynx and larynx. Vagus (X)The vagus nerve (X) is the most dominant cranial nerve during the swallowing process. The vagus nerve is the major efferent for the pharyngeal constrictors and is the major afferent for the middle and inferior portions of pharynx (Miller, 2006). It supplies also main efferent innervations to the palatal muscles. Branches of the vagus nerve attach to muscles of the larynx and pharynx. It is also known as the nucleus ambiguous, and it innervates branchial arch muscles of the pharynx and larynx as well as the muscles of the upper esophagus and uvula. Branches also extend to the, glossopalantine, levator veli palatine and the palatoglossus muscles making it primarily responsible for palatal functioning. One of the motor nuclei transmits motor output to the pharyngeal constrictor muscles and in this way can completely control the intrinsic musculature of the larynx. Moreover, taste buds on the root of the tongue and on the epiglottis contribute special visceral afferent fibers t o the superior laryngeal branch. General visceral afferent fibers convey sensation from the lower pharynx, larynx, trachea, and esophagus. Together with the

Communication Technology And Its Impact On Social Interaction Research Paper

Communication Technology And Its Impact On Social Interaction - Research Paper Example Employees spent most of their times on computers using emails to pass information from one part to the other, rather than with their fellow colleagues. With the concern of social welfare within a work field, communication technology has led to poor communication within the workers. In addition to this reduction of face-to-face social interaction, the level of social support and belief also goes down. As the result, it leads to an exceedingly poor worker-to-worker relationships.3 This is because most people prefer using emails on their personal computers rather than face to face communication. Social Networking sites, such as MySpace, Twitter and Facebook, have taken over social networking industries for the past few years. Both young and old people have become captives of this bubonic plague used differently by people to satisfy their needs. Some people use them as advertising sites, keeping in touch with friends and relatives and updating others on what is going on in others minds t o help reach out to the public. Yes, we are the members of these social networking sites, and we can not run from the truth. What concerns people most is the way this sites have got themselves involved in the use of emails. It is evident that even this sites use email to help reach their addressee, and they also have their web pages that can be accesed via Emails. With the sites, through either emails or information displayed in the emails, one has no way of confirming that the information posted on their walls is inaccurate. This is because individuals post what is in their minds. These posts are open to be seen by all of the people one befriends. The information posted might paint either a negative or positive... This essay stresses that diffusion innovation is theoretical perspective that focuses on the adoption of new ideas, practices and technologies. According to Rogers, perception about the attributes can facilitate the rate at which a new idea is adopted. To be specific, innovation is adopted by people with positive minds if they believe that they offer an advantage over what exists; if they are compatible with the potential users’ existing values, experience, and needs; if they are perceived as being fairly easy to understand and use; if users can try them before they commit to purchase; if users can easily observe their use. Communication channels only become effective if they are efficient and convey many different type of information such as visual, verbal and non-verbal. This paper makes a conclusion that as the technology changes, it creates a greater importance of work knowledge. Communities face varying experiences. Technology has undoubtedly shaped the social interactions of people. Thus, it is beneficial if we keep ourselves updated with the manifestations about the social interactions and create opportunities to interact with others, too. This is because the world is dynamic and we have to keep pace with it. It will be good if we try to look at both positive and negative effects of what we do over those social sites, especially via the use of emails, and focus on how technology affects us a whole since the technology can kill or build individuals’ dignity at places of work or any other place.

Global Warming

Global Warming Two issues that worry many scientists are global warming and the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a natural process that keeps the earth at temperatures that are livable. What does the greenhouse effect have to do with global warming? When humans release gases into the air, the greenhouse effect will alter the temperature of the earth. More gases in the atmosphere means the earth will start to get warmer, and the result is global warming. On the other hand, if there was no greenhouse effect, the earth would be too cold for humans to comfortably exist. In order to talk about global warming, we must first learn what causes the greenhouse effect. The three most common greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. Many of the suns rays are absorbed by water vapor. Water vapor is a natural atmospheric gas and it accounts for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“80 percent of natural greenhouse warming; the remaining 20 percent is due to other gasses that are present in very small amountsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Murck, Skinner, and Porter 488). A greenhouse gas known as carbon dioxide is the second biggest absorber of the suns heat rays. Humans affect the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in many ways. Every time fossil fuels are burned, more carbon dioxide is released into the air. Car exhaust emissions also increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the air, and more carbon dioxide means more heat rays being absorbed. This will cause the earths temperature to warm. Another greenhouse gas is methane. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Methane absorbs infrared radiation 25 times more effectively than carbon dioxide, making it an important greenhouse gas despite its relatively low concentrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Murck, Skinner, and Porter 490). Many studies have been performed on how methane is released into the atmosphere. Results have shown that methane is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“generated by biological activity related to rice cultivation, leaks in domestic and industrial gas lines, and the digestive process of domestic livestock, especially cattleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Murck, Skinner, and Porter 490). The Environmental Media Services Organization has found that the greenhouse effect à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“could drive temperatures up as much as 6 degrees by the year 2100 an increase in heat comparable to the 10 degree warming that ended the last ice ageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Fast Facts). If a 10-degree warming was the factor that ended the last ice age, imagine what another warming could do. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Consider hydrology, for instance. Warm air holds more water vapor than cold air, so there is an increase in evaporation in dry areas, and hence more drought something that has been documented on every continent. Once that water is in the atmosphere, its going to come down somewhere and, indeed, we have seen the most dramatic flooding ever recorded in recent years. In 2004, 300 million humans, 1 in 20 of us, had to leave their homes for a week, a month, a year, or forever because of rising watersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (The Planet Speaks 124). Much of the gained water would be from melting icecap s in the ocean and melting glaciers on land. Coastal cities and islands could be wiped out. Global warming would not affect only humans; it would also affect sea life. This would happen because water temperatures would rise. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Corals are intolerant of temperatures just a few degrees warmer than usualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Fast Facts). There have been problems with corals dying out in the past few years because of increased water temperatures. Other marine life would probably migrate to warmer waters. The warm water would make them think they were in their natural habitat. A downfall to this unknown migration would be that food would become scarce in their new, unadapted habitat. An example is salmon; salmon are also sensitive to the temperature of the water. During the summer when the water is warm, salmon have a high metabolic rate. During the winter months, their metabolism slows down, which is good because less food is available at this time. With global warming and increased water temperatures, salmon would have a high metabolic rate longer each year. They woul d possibly eat all the available food and many salmon would die as a result. Global warming is already disturbing patterns of the circulation of seawater. Cold water moves along the sea floor toward the equator and warm water around the equator moves toward the poles across the surface of the ocean. This process is very important to the living of ocean species. This circulation process brings oxygenated water to the sea floor. If this process no longer happened, water along the sea floor would become depleted of the oxygen organisms need to surviveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Fast Facts). The resulting factor would be more death among deep-sea organisms. There are many negative environmental effects of global warming. Another effect is the fact that higher temperatures will lead to a change in the water cycle. Warmer temperatures will cause a greater amount of evaporation from lakes, rivers, streams, and oceans. In some areas this could be good, but in other areas it could be bad. In northern regions of the U.S., where we live, an increase in the temperature and the amount of rain could extend the growing season of crops. In turn, the farmers could make more money. It could also hurt some farmers though. There is a possibility that crops could get too much rain and crops could be killed. Certain areas would actually get less rain, which would lead to more droughts. Warm temperatures and wet weather would be the main result of global warming in certain areas, and warm temperatures and wet weather are factors that promote tropical storms. Thus, tropical storms would appear more often and with greater frequencies. More rain as a result of global warming will also force plant life and its species to adjust their location. Species migrate naturally, but scientists ay that global warming would cause them to migrate at a much faster rate. If the climate changes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“some forest species in North America will shift by as much as 300 miles to the northà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Campaign to Stop Global Warming). Plants will also be forced to migrate. If one region is getting more rain than another, plants that need more rain that are on the border of these two regions will naturally begin migrating into the region that is getting more rain. A recent impact of global warming is that it is helping some diseases spread easier and to more people. Mosquitoes are a major carrier of deadly tropical diseases. These diseases are commonly known as malaria, cholera, and dengue fever. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Malaria outbreaks are usually confined to where the minimum winter temperature reaches no lower than 16 degrees Celsiusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (To Save Lives), according to the Worldwide Fund for Nature, an independent conservation organization. Scientists are beginning to notice that malaria outbreaks are occurring outside the normal areas and are attributing this to increased temperatures from global warming. States inside the U.S. have even had more cases of malaria. Summers in the U.S. are getting more hot and humid than usual, I can vow for this, and malaria mosquitoes thrive in hot and humid weather. Increased temperatures and more rain cause hot and humid weather and if the earth continues to get warmer, malaria will spread to even mor e new places. A study suggests that malaria transmissions would increase from 45% of the globe to 60% of the globe if atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases reach concentrations equivalent to a doubling of CO2 since the Industrial Revolution (Campaign to Stop Global Warming). Cholera and dengue fever also pose threats to new populations because they too are carried by mosquitoes that thrive in hot and humid weather. As with malaria, more cholera and dengue fever outbreaks are occurring because of migrating mosquitoes. These are the most dangerous effects of global warming right now because unlike all the other effects discussed, these diseases can kill humans within a two-week time and they can spread like wildfire. Global warming has become a major environmental problem in the last five years and it isnt getting any better. The small increases in temperature seem harmless, but they can do an enormous of damage to the earths ecosystem. Only a few degrees ended the last ice age, another warming like that could have a catastrophic effect on the earth and its creatures, including us. In order to stop global warming, much has to be done. The first thing to do to control the earths temperature is to lower the burning and/or the emissions of fossil fuels because that is the single most responsible cause of global warming. The downfall is that after the global warming process has started, it is very hard to reverse it. Global warming temperatures grow exponentially and we will have to create an answer for global warming sooner than people think. I dont know how to start the process of burning less fossil fuels. All I know is global warming has to be stopped if we want to keep living the way we do now. If it isnt stopped, the problems discussed in this paper will only get bigger and bigger and the ending result will ultimately be death. Works Cited à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Campaign to Stop Global Warming.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  State PIRGs (public interest research groups) Working Together. Mar. 2006. 4 Oct. 2007 http://www.pirg.org/enviro/global_w/fact.html. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fast Facts.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Environmental Media Services. 10 July 2006. 23 Oct. 2007 http://www.ems.org/climate/sub2_climate.html. Murck, Barbara W., Brian J. Skinner, and Stephen C. Porter. Environmental Geology. New York: John Wiley Sons, 2004. 488-490. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Planet Speaks.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The Wilson Quarterly 25.4 (Autumn 2006): 124. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To Save Lives, Give Global Warming the Same Priority As Biological Weapons, Says WWF.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  WWF Global Network. 5 Nov. 1998. 27 Nov. 2006 http://www.panda.org/news/press/news.cfm?id=158.

Sports And Money :: essays research papers

Anywhere you look today you can see Mark McGwire hitting a home run, or Kobe Bryant dunking over someone. Every time someone watches television or reads a newspaper these, and many other, athletes can be found. Professional sports are all around us; they're a part of our culture. But, in the last few decades some changes have started to take place. As the popularity of professional athletics has increased, so has the cost to render them and their players' salaries. Many of the contracts signed today are for millions of dollars. This is unreasonably exorbitant for doing something gaiety. These days sports are centered around money and not focused on the love for the game and entertaining the fans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some economists argue the point that major league sports, their products, players, and stadiums endow millions of dollars to our economy. This is true, but the 'fine print'; that goes along with it is often overlooked. Stadiums, for example, cost millions of dollars to build, maintain, etc. The funds to do this are provided by the tax paying citizens of that city. Many teams then, in return, relocate to other cities in search of more money and better facilities. This is no way to reward fans for years of loyal support. There are many programs, scholarships, foundations, etc. formed by many players and organizations though. These are good ways to give back to the communities that sustain them and use their grand salaries in a nice, resourceful manner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now the major appeal of playing in the 'big leagues'; is landing big contracts and getting endorsements; instead of a higher, superior level of competition. A prime example of this is Elton Brand, who bypassed his junior and senior year at Duke to go directly to the NBA. Another athlete looking for a big paycheck is Kevin Brown, who recently signed a $105 million dollar contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. This is an outrageous remuneration for someone that plays a game. Not only are athletes overpaid, many ignore the rules of etiquette that come along with being in the major leagues.